Language Constructs

The shell script language, like other programming languages, has constructs for conditional execution (if-then-else; while), iterative execution (for loop), a switch statement, and a goto statement:

1. if-then-else

The syntax of the if-then-else construct is

if  (  expr  )  simple-command

or

if ( expr ) then commandlist-1

[else

commandlist-2]

endif

The expression expr will be evaluated and according to its value, the commandlist-1 or the commandlist-2 will be executed. The portion of the construct enclosed in ’[’ and ’]’ is optional. 1

As an example, suppose we write a shell script which is supposed to have two parameters, and that the code will set up two variables, ‘name1’ and ‘name2’ from those two parameters, i.e.

set name1 = $argv[1] set name2 = $argv[2]

(which presumably it would make use of later on). But suppose we also wish to do error-checking, emitting an error message if the user gives fewer than two, or more than two, parameters. We could use the following code

if  ($#argv  <>  2)  then

echo  "you  must  give  exactly  two  parameters"

else

set name1 = $argv[1] set name2 = $argv[2]

endif
 

2. while

The syntax of while loop construct is

while ( expr ) commandlist

end

The commandlist  will be executed until the expr  evaluates to false.
 

3. foreach

The syntax of foreach loop construct is

foreach var ( worddlist ) commandlist

end

The commandlist is executed once for each word in the wordlist, and each time the variable var will contain the value of that word. For example, the following script can search all immediate subdirectories of the current directory for a given file (and then quit if it finds one):

#! /bin/csh -f set f = $1
foreach  d  (*)

if (-e $d/$f) then echo FOUND: $d/$f exit(0)

endif

end

echo  $f  not  found  in  subdirectories

For example, say I call this script FindImm, and my current directory consists of files s, t and u, with s and t being subdirectories, and with t having a file x. Typing

FindImm  x

would yield the message

FOUND:  t/x

Here is how it works: In the line

foreach  d  (*)

the ‘*’ is a wild card, so it would expand to a list of all files in my current directory, i.e. the list (s t u). So, the for-loop will first set d = s, then d = t and finally d = u.

In the line

if  (-e  $d/$f)  then
 

the -e means existence; in other words, we are asking if the file $d/$f exists. If we type ‘FindImm x’ as in the example above, $f would be x, and $d would start out as s, so we would be asking if the file s/x exists (the answer would be no).
 

4. switch

The switch command provides a multiple branch similar to the switch statement in C. The general form of switch is:
 

switch ( str ) case string1:

commandlist1 breaksw

case string2: commandlist2 breaksw

default commandlist

endsw

The given string str is successively matched against the case patterns. Control flow is switched to where the first match occurs. As in file name expansion, a case label may be a literal string, or contain variable substitution, or contain wild-card character such as *,?, etc.
 

5. Goto

The goto command provides a way to branch unconditionally to a line identified by a label.

goto  lab

where lab is a label on a line (by itself) somewhere in the script in the form

lab:

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