• ps
(=print status) Display the list of currently running processes with
their process IDs (PID) numbers. Use ps axu to see all processes currently
running on your system (also those of other users or without a controlling
terminal), each with the name of the owner. Use "top" to keep listing the
processes currently running.
• fg PID
Bring a background or stopped process to the foreground.
• bg PID
Send the process to the background. Opposite to fg. The same can be
accomplished with <Ctrl>z. If you have stopped jobs, you have
to type exit twice in row to log out.
• any_command&
Run any command in the background (the symbol "&" means "run the
proceeding command in the background").
• batch any_command
Run any command (usually one that is going to take more time) when
the system load is low. I can logout, and the process will keep running.
• at 17:00
Execute a command at a specified time. You will be prompted for
the command(s) to run, until you press <Ctrl>d.
• kill PID
Force a process shutdown. First determine the PID of the process to
kill using ps.
• killall program_name
Kill program(s) by name.
• xkill
(in an xwindow terminal) Kill a GUI-based program with mouse. (Point
with your mouse cursor at the window of the process you want to kill and
click.)
• lpc
(as root) Check and control the printer(s). Type "?" to see the list
of available commands.
• lpq
Show the content of the printer queue. Under KDE (X-Windows), you may
use GUI-based "Printer Queue" available from "K"menu-Utilities.
• lprm job_number
Remove a printing job "job_number" from the queue.
• nice program_name
Run program_name adjusting its priority. Since the priority is not
specified in this example, it will be adjusted by 10 (the process will
run slower), from the default value (usually 0). The lower the number (of
"niceness" to other users on the system), the higher the priority. The
priority value may be in the range -20 to 19. Only root may specify negative
values. Use "top" to display the priorities of the running processes.
• renice -1 PID
(as root) Change the priority of a running process to -1. Normal users
can only adjust processes they own, and only up from the current value
(make them run slower).
• <Ctrl>c, <Ctrl>z, <Ctrl>s, and <Ctrl>q also belong to
this chapter but they were described previously. In short they mean: stop
the current command, send the current command to the background, stop the
data transfer, resume the data transfer. |